The Credit Crunch Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Credit Crunch - Literature review Example Due to its major significance, the term was included in the latest edition of the Concise Oxford English Dictionary, meaning "an economic condition in which it suddenly becomes difficult and expensive to borrow money" (Oxford University Press,n.d.). A credit crunch is characterized by a shortage of funds in the credit market, resulting in decreased possibilities for credit agreements and increased levels of official interest rates. Economist John Hull (2009) argues that the origins of the credit crunch (which started in the US) can be found in the housing market. "The U.S government was keen to encourage home ownership. Interest rates were low. Mortgage brokers and mortgage lenders found it attractive to do more business by relaxing their lending standards () Banks thought the "good times" would continue and () chose to ignore the housing bubble..." Simply put, people were spending more money than they actually had - an inconsistency that grows into what economists call a "bubble" - the inflation of global property prices. A vicious circle is formed - prices rise, causing the number of credits to rise as well, which in turn makes prices rise even more. At some point, a large number of credits started to default. Property prices began to drop and so the "bubble" burst. On a related note, Mizen (2008, p. 564) points out that the most recent credit crunch was preceded by a prosperous period, which generated a certain degree of carelessness throughout the economy. "Financial innovation had () introduced greater complexity, higher leverage, and weaker underlying assets based on subprime mortgages." Mizen defines a subprime mortgage as a riskier bank product - a loan given to a person with non-standard income or credit profile, which was often mispriced. They provide good returns, compared to other asset classes, and therefore receive high ratings. However, they are not as safe as they seemed because they are tied to house prices. When prices drop, foreclosures becom e more frequent. Losses escalated and banks took measures by lowering credit availability. White (2008, p. 2-3) states that "Borrowers with inadequate income relative to their debts, many of whom had either counted on being able to borrow against a higher house value in the future in order to help them meet their monthly mortgage payments, or on being able to "flip" the property at a price that would more than repay their mortgage, began to default. Default rates on nonprime mortgages rose to unexpected highs. The high risk on the mortgages came back to bite mortgage holders, the financial institutions to whom the monthly payments were owed. Financial institutions that had stocked up on junk mortgages and junk-mortgage-backed securities found their stock prices dropping. The worst cases, like Countrywide Financial, the investment banks Lehman Brothers and Merrill Lynch, and the government-sponsored mortgage purchasers Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, went broke or had to find a last-minu te purchaser to avoid bankruptcy."

Understanding Customer Relationships Essay Example for Free

Understanding Customer Relationships Essay I further confirm that I have not shared my work with other candidates. Table of Contents Cover page1 Table of Contents2 Task 1: Keeping stakeholders informed 3 6 Task 2: Collecting stakeholder information 7 9 Task 3: CSR – Gaining an Internal Perspective 10 12 Task 4 REPORT To:Marketing Manager From:Marketing Assistant Date:25th November, 2011 Subject:Keeping stakeholders informed INTRODUCTION: Communication is defined as the process by which information is exchanged between individuals through a common system of symbols, signs or behavior (www. erriamwebster. com/dictionary). It is a two-way process and plays a central role for effective relationships within an organization (CIM Introductory Certificate in Marketing Study Workbook, pg 135). For communication to be effective, the receiver must understand the message in the manner the sender intended for it to be received. As with majority of organizations, stakeholders are an integral part of any organization and must be well informed of necessary decisions and activities of the said organization. With reference to the recent oil spillage crisis, it is important that BP communicates to the following stakeholder groups – a. FOUR STAKEHOLDER GROUPS THAT BP NEEDED TO COMMUNICATE WITH AND THEIR SCOPE OF INTEREST ARE: Governments and regulators: Government alongside the regulatory agencies established by the government to dominate the industry, are responsible for formulating policies which govern offshore drilling processes and also ensure that the interest of the public is protected from the activities of the oil companies. Both bodies need to be informed of the spillage to allow for monitoring of the situation and deployment of resources and assessment teams to establish shoreline protection and clean up priorities. (http://www. env. gov. bc. ca/eemp/resources/strategies/oilstrat. htm) The information would further assist the government investigate the cause of the spillage in order to take necessary legal actions and also help with legislation of regulatory laws which governs oil exploration by the oil companies. . Stakeholders and analysts: The stakeholders include shareholders and investors who have financial interests and commitments in BP. They should be informed of the spill and every progress made by BP, so that they are kept abreast of the financial implications and expenditure that would arise from the spillage, cleanup process and compensation cost which might result in a loss in revenue for BP and ultimately their financial interests. c. Local communities: Local communities are usually members of the community within which an oil project is situated and in this case, the community where the oil spill has occurred. They would also include the local media, medical organizations, nongovernmental organizations active within the area, local security forces etc. Organizations must establish themselves as reputable members of a community. (www. ou. edu/deptcomm/literature review. htm) By establishing a reservoir of goodwill in the community it is often easier to gain community support during a crisis (Sellnow, 1993). As such, affected residents of the local community around where the spillage occurred should be communicated to and assessed for physical and behavioral health effects the spillage might cause especially if the residents depend on oil, fishing or other affected industries in the locality of the spill. BP should also inform the local communities on steps it has taken or would take to combat the effect of the spillage on the environment and possible compensations to the communities. d. Customers: These vary from domestic fuel users to agricultural and aviation users of bulk LPG. All BP customers should be contacted and informed of the spillage as this might affect the supply of various products as supplied by BP. The multiplier effect of shortage of products by BP would not only mean a loss in revenue for the customer whose livelihood depend s on sale of products but also on the end user as might be in the case of retail fuel consumer and inadvertently more loss to BP. 2. ADAPTATION OF MESSAGES TO MEET THE NEEDS OF EACH OF THE STAKEHOLDER GROUP For a communication to be effective, the message passed must be well understood by the party for whom the message is intended (decoder) for and must be able to communicate back to the sender. BP must ensure that it communicates information about the spillage to the above mentioned stakeholders in respect to their functions and adaptabilities. o For the government, a series of meetings should be arranged where discussions regarding assessments, clean up exercises and monitoring policies are discussed and reported back to the government the progress of the situation. Stakeholders are to be informed via mails or financial reports the cost analysis of the clean up exercise as well as financial implications of the spill incurred by the company. o BP should seek to invite non-governmental organizations who focus on environmental policies and issues to assist with implementation of programs designed to help residents within affected communities. o Customers can be reached more effectively a nd interpersonally through in depth interviews, viral online communications, web based interactive programs and feedback channels on BP’s website. . TWO COMMUNICATION TOOLS THAT COULD BE USED TO ENHANCED THE MESSAGE The purpose of communication is to get a message across clearly using methods or tools that would effectively target the intended receiver. These tools could either be verbal or non-verbal tools of communication. To communicate its intent, BP must use the following communication tools to enhance the credibility of its message:- ? PR: Public Relations is defined as a planned and sustained effort to establish and maintain goodwill and mutual understanding between an organization and its publics (IPR). In enhancing the credibility of its message, BP would use PR to not only ensure that its intended target receives its message, but would also help reshape and boost the consumer perception of the BP image in light of the spill crisis thereby, warding off unfavorable rumors. ? Direct Marketing: This is the most targeted method of communication as it seeks to target individual customers with personalized messages and build relationships with them as they respond to direct communications (UCR online syllabus; session 7, pg 8). Direct marketing is defined as the planned recording, analysis and tracking of customer behavior to develop relational marketing strategies (Institute of Direct Marketing, UK) Using direct marketing, a well thought out and planned message is made available by BP to target each stakeholder group and solicit positive responses from each group to help manage the spill crisis. 4. EVALUATION OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF COMMUNICATION TOOLS OUTLINED ABOVE †¢ Direct Marketing: One of the benefits of direct marketing is that it allows for direct interaction with the consumers and hence immediate responses are obtained from the consumers. This in turns also ensures that BP’s personalized messages are well targeted and monitored such that the aim of public relations in helping to enhance consumer perception of BP’s image is also attained. BRIEFING PAPER From:Marketing Assistant To:Marketing Manager Date:17. 12. 2011 Subject:Collecting Stakeholder information Information is defined as the data formatted or structured to support decision making or define the relationship between two facts (Zikmund/Babin: Essentials of marketing research; 3rd edition). It is a marketing asset which impacts on performance of an organization (CIM Study Workbook, pg 108) 2. INFORMATION TO BE COLLECTED BY BP IN RELATION TO ITS STAKEHOLDERS o Local Communities: BP would seek to collect information about the local communities which would include population count, availability of amenities such as hospitals, roads, schools, water, electricity, income levels, gender, age etc. It would also seek to identify the general occupation of residents in the community (e. g if farming or fishing is the main stay of the residents and the effects of the spill) and income/lifestyle of residents. It would also seek to understand the culture and ethnicity of the people so as not to strain relationship with its communities. BP should also seek to collect information about its communities to help assess the social and environmental impacts of its project within such communities. o Government and regulators: As these two bodies promulgate policies which govern the exploration of oil wells, CSR and offshore activities, it is important that BP is up to date with its information on all offshore and environmental laws so as to protect itself from abjurations. It would also collect information to understand its tax liabilities and entrepreneurial activities in collaboration with both bodies. . 2USEFULNESS OF INFORMATION COLLECTED TO BP †¢ For Budgetary control:- Greater control and more informed decision making are possible when all costs of all operations are available †¢ For Planning: Information helps BP make adequate plans for its operations within its communities, or act in accordance to governing policies and also inform actions to address/prevent health effects in affected communities during a spill crisis †¢ For decision making: Adequate data collected would be used for making strategic decisions for its sector and management plans. . 3USEFUL INFORMATION TO BE COLLECTED BY SCREENPLAY MARKETING MEDIA COMMUNICATIONS LTD. To ensure our relevance and maintain our market share over the next six months, we must seek to collect the following information about our varying clients in order to effectively meet their needs and surpass their expectations: ? Clients’ activities: we must seek to collect information about each client’s various activities within the next 6 months and plan media campaigns around those activities to meet intended consumers. Customer attitudes: We would need to interview and collect information on target segments of consumers to assess how well they match our ideas and fit into clients’ marketing plan ? Competitors’ activities: Over the next 6 months, we would need to identify who our competitors are through secondar y research and collect information about their activities in order to help us plan our strategies ? Markets: it is important that we carve our niche market and gather necessary information on them. We would need information as to who are clients are, their products, existing/potential market for the product all necessary for us to have an idea on how best to position our client’s product for an increase in market share. 2. 4ONE METHOD OF COLLECTING INFORMATION In order to collect the necessary information, I would recommend the Secondary method of data collection. Secondary data is data that has not been specifically created for the purpose at hand but can be used and analysed to provide marketing information where primary data is not yet available or not sufficient(CIM Study Workbook, pg 110). This is a preferred choice of data collection because it – o Helps to make primary data collection more specific since with the help of secondary data, we are able to make out what are the gaps and deficiencies and what additional information needs to be collected. o Is less expensive and economical to conduct seeing that the information is readily available and does not require the process of collecting new data o Saves time o It provides a basis for comparison for the data that is collected by the researcher (www. managementguide. com) DISCUSSION PAPER Prepared for: Marketing Manager Prepared by: Marketing Assistant Subject:CSR – An Internal perspective Date: 17. 12. 2011 INTRODUCTION: Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is about how businesses align their values and behaviour with the expectations and needs of stakeholders not just customers and investors, but also employees, suppliers, communities, regulators, special interest groups and society as a whole. CSR describes a companys commitment to be accountable to its stakeholders. CSR demands that businesses manage the economic, social and environmental impacts of their operations to maximise the benefits and minimise the downsides (www. srnetwork. com) 3. 1 PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT The purpose of this project is to seek to form a committee to propose and identify a CSR activity for ScreenPlay Marketing and Media Communications Ltd to embark on as its efforts in giving back to the society in which its business operates and increase our awareness of environmental consciousness. 3. 2BENEFITS OF CSR TO THE ORGANISATION Consumers increasin gly do not accept unethical business practices or organizations who act irresponsibly (www. simplycsr. co. uk). The benefits of Corporate Social Responsibility cannot be overemphasized and a carefully planned CSR would help our organization to †¢ Develop and enhance relationships with customers and society thereby retaining customers whilst attracting new ones †¢ Enhance brand image so customers’ perception about the brand is positive †¢ Attract, retain and motivate employees A key potential benefit from  CSR  initiatives involves establishing the conditions that can contribute to increasing the commitment and motivation of employees to become more innovative and productive. www. ic. gc. ca/site/csr-rse. nsf/eng/h_rs00100html) †¢ Sharpen decision making and help reduce risk 3. 3. IMPORTANCE OF INTERNAL COOPERATION AND PARTICIPATION It is important that a good working relationship exists between all departments of our organization on this project so as to ensure completion of tasks and fulfillment of our set objectives. It is envisaged that with team work and co ntribution of ideas from all each department involved in this project would yield productivity and also ensure the success of our CSR project. 3. IDEA ON IMPROVING OUR ORGANISTION’S ENVIRONMENTAL RESPONSIBILITY One idea I would like to suggest to increasing our environmental responsibility is the adoption of a child from the eye department of the children’s ward at the Lagos State Teaching Hospital. There are at present about 300 cases of children with cancer of the eye been treated at the hospital. It is my proposition that we render our CSR to the kids in this ward by sponsoring a child every quarter to the Suraksha Children’s Hospital India – a top hospital in India noted for treatment of eye tumors in children. The relative low costs of surgery and living expenditure has influenced the choice of Suraksha Children’s Hospital and the intervals at which each child would undergo a treatment would not be cumbersome for the organization to bear. We would work in conjunction with a team of doctors at the Lagos State Teaching Hospital to assist in compiling names of beneficiaries of the treatment through a series of preliminary requirements for each beneficiary. This would include age, severity of case, and income level of parents – as this would be aimed at children whose parents cannot afford the treatment cost in the state. This project would be tagged ‘The ScreenPlay Media Communications â€Å"Light a world† project. 3. 5COST IMPLICATION FOR PROPOSED CSR PROJECT The cost for this project is outlined below: †¢ Hospital fees: This would cover cost for accommodation in the hospital for the number of days from the date of admittance to the discharge date and would also cover administrative and drug fees. †¢ Surgery fees: includes surgery fees, anesthetic fees, blood transfusion (if necessary) and surgeon’s fee. Accommodation fees: this take care of accommodation and feeding costs for the accompanying ward/parent of the child †¢ Travel/logistics fees: covers flight fares for child and accompanying ward along with visa application fees. It would also cover for transportation for the beneficiaries upon arrival in India. This cost is estimated at a total of N750, 000 (? 3,000) per quarter and totaling N2, 250,000 (? 9,000) per annum for 3 kids. RESEARCH Prepared for:Mark eting Manager Prepared by:Marketing Assistant Subject:Maintaining the work/life balance Date:30. 11. 2011 EMAIL To:[emailprotected] com (marketing manager) Cc: [emailprotected] com, [emailprotected] com, [emailprotected] com Subject: Committee set up on Proposed CSR Project Dear Elliot, Trust you are fine. As per your memo dated 16th November 2011on setting up a committee for the proposed CSR activity, kindly see below the list of intended participants from the various departments:- a. Ore Odusanya (HR department): Having worked with Ore in the past few years, his analytical and interpersonal skills in relating with people would be very useful in this project . Trish Banner: (Accounts department): Trish’s skill in handling financial transactions as well as contacts within the travel agency would suffice in this project and assisting with obtaining relatively low fare prices for each beneficiary. c. Gladys Knight (Creative department): her artistic talents would help create the right messages for advertisement purposes which would position the brand as foremost in connecting with its s ociety. Her wits and acute sense of judgment would also aid in ensuring that the right candidates are chosen for the project. . Ken Rice (logistics department): an ardent and hardworking colleague, though in the HR department but with an ability to drive and ensure prompt delivery of projects would ensure that logistics such as visas, hotel booking and transportation of each beneficiary is handled promptly at designated timelines. I would also like to suggest that the committee is convened soon so as to enable us conclude the plans within the shortest time frame possible and liaise with the team of doctors in Nigeria and India for the commencement of the project. It would also afford us time to put together a media campaign to boost publicity. Best regards Lolah Adebambo Project Leader REFERENCES Book Sources Vincent. K CIM Introductory Certificate in Marketing Study Workbook, 2009/2011 (BPP Learning Media, London) Internet sources www. ic. gc. ca/site/csr-rse. nsf/eng/h_rs00100html (accessed in December 2011) (www. merriamwebster. com/dictionary). (accessed in November 2011) (www. csrnetwork. com) (accessed in December 2011) [pic]

Karen van der Zees A Secret Sorrow and Gail Godwins A Sorrowful Woman

Karen van der Zee's A Secret Sorrow and Gail Godwin's A Sorrowful Woman Though fulfilling love, happiness and trust in a relationship can be comforting, couples often are unsuccessful in finding or keeping the love that their relationship need; even if issues may interfere within the relationship, couples should find a way in working through their problems. Once a couple's happiness, trust and love have been fulfilled, they can experience unconditional love. Although they would need to make every possible step to heal their relationship, if and when their relationship breaks down, there is still much they can learn. With this stated this idea holds opposing views among the two females in A Secret Sorrow and "A Sorrowful Woman." In both selections of Karen van der Zee's romance novel, "A Secret Sorrow," and of Gail Godwin's fairy-tale like story, "A Sorrowful Woman," the story lines revolve around two women who struggle with their own personal issues-- in which in A Secret Sorrow, Faye could not have happiness in her life with fulfilling her dream of getting married and having children of her own; in contrary, in "A Sorrowful Woman, the secluded woman had already the fulfillment of being married and having a child, but was now at the point of not wanting that kind of life anymore--and in which how each of the women handle their situation. Faye is worried about how her relationship with her boyfriend will be affected by her inability to conceive children. On the other hand, the unnamed woman of "A Sorrowful Woman" is unhappy with her marriage and isolates herself from her family. Faye and Kai's relationship is one of those relationships that can never be broken. Meaning, that they have gotten to know each ... ... to the role of being a wife and mother to a family, who did not ever cause any pain or trouble? Sadly, the woman felt her marriage was weighing pressure on her, and her only resolution was to take her own life; abandoning her husband and son. In conclusion, A Secret Sorrow reveals that not everything in life can bring happiness for every situation, but with the search for answers and the help of friends or significant other, anybody should be able to resolve their situation and move on with their life on a brighter note. For Faye, she was on the verge of giving up hope, but since she had the help of Kai, her worst fear ended with true happiness. This was not true in "A Sorrowful Woman," in which the woman did not find happiness with her marriage and chose the wrong path by excluding herself from her family, and resolving her situation in a negative way.

English Patient

This key passage is from Michael Nonnative's The English Patient, found in the first few pages of chapter four. Before, this passage, Hanna is sitting beside Llamas while he begins to describe his first expedition in the deserts in the asses. After, Llamas explained how he came to hate nations, but was attached to the desert as It could not be claimed or own. The passage between reinforces the Idea that Identity Is not fixed, It changes over time as people grow and gain experience.This Is made evident through Almanacs character which Is portrayed through the symbol of the desert. Symbolism Is used to encapsulate plot elements that are crucial to the theme and allow the reader a deeper level of Interpretation of the novel. The desert represents transience; It Is neither fixed nor unitary. Further, It cannot be claimed, owned or defined similar to Almanacs Identity, which Is constantly shifting. Llamas explained: â€Å"The breeze that had been refreshing had gradually strengthened.Eve ntually we coked down, and the surface of the desert was changed. † This demonstrates the desert's refusal to use anything artificial such as borders, or names as a landscape because it's continuously changing by sandstorms, similar to how Llamas refuses to reveal his identity because it changes over time and does not reflect where he comes from. Identity is dynamic, and many factors are needed to create an identity. The reader is prompted to reconsider what exactly makes up an identity, what defines who are. Identity should be chosen rather than inherited.

How People Make Economic Decisions Paper Essay

How People Make Economic Decisions Paper University of Phoenix Eco 212 May 29, 2011 Economics plays a role in every person’s day-to-day life. One aspect that it plays apart in is decision making. For every decision that is made economics is applied. There are principles that relate to decision making. First is that for every decision made there are tradeoffs, to get one thing something else is given up. The next principle is for every decision made there is a cost. The cost is what was given up. The third principle is people think rationally and rational people think on the margin, meaning that the decision is not made unless the marginal benefit exceeds the marginal cost. The final principle is that people respond to incentives. Behavior changes when cost or benefits change. These principles explain how the economy functions as a whole. Since resources are scarce people have to make decisions based on benefiting themselves on how to spend their time and money. To make rational decisions people must interact with the environment and other decision makers. These interactions lead to the best allocation of resources. When people interact with one another they make trade for resources when the benefit is mutual. For example buying a soda the buyer is thirsty and enjoys soda so he or she will benefit from the soda, and the vender will benefit from the money for the soda so the trade has been made. These interactions are affected by the economy system present. In a centrally planned economy central authorities make decisions for what would be the best use of their goods and resources. The state can set prices of goods and determine how much to produce. Therefore, decisions are not voluntary. Decisions are voluntary in a market economy where the pricing of goods and services are guided solely by the interactions of a country’s citizens and businesses. In a mixed economy system where there is a variety of public and private control decisions are voluntary as well. No matter what economic system is present for a decision to be made the marginal benefit must out way the cost. To fully understand how the decision making process works the writer of this paper will provide an example. The decision is rather she should take the assistant manager position offered to her or not. Her first choice was to decline the offer but she began to think about the marginal benefits. The benefits would be a raise in pay, a step up in the career ladder and new learning experiences . The advancement would be a step towards her goal of becoming a human resources manager for Applebee’s. Also she would gain closer relations with corporate managers. Next she had to weigh the benefits against the cost. The marginal cost in accepting the position would be more responsibility, and it would be mandatory to work longer hours. For her the marginal benefit was greater than the marginal cost so she decided to take the position. If the circumstances were different her marginal benefits and marginal cost would have changed leading to a different choice. For example, season at her restaurant is out so money on tips has decreased. If the restaurant was still in season and tips had not decreased then there would not have been a pay raise so that benefit would have been eliminated. Another factor was she wanted one managerial shift a week if her boss had not agreed to that then she would not have taken the offer, either. Many people are not aware that when they make a decision rather it be to take the day off work or buy a house they are applying economics. Even the simple transaction of buying a soda is a part of economics. It can be concluded from this example and the facts provided that economics is implemented in day-to-day life. Reference Hubbard, R. , & O’Brien, A. (2010). Economics. The University if Phoenix eBook Collection database.

Cynddylan on a Tractor Essay Example

Cynddylan on a Tractor Essay Example Cynddylan on a Tractor Paper Cynddylan on a Tractor Paper Essay Topic: W H auden Poems Discuss the infinite variety of complaints shown in different forms in the poems The Unknown Citizen by W. H. Auden, Naming of Parts by Henry Reed, Cynddylan on a Tractor by R. S. Thomas and Do not go gentle into that Good Night by Dylan Thomas. Each of these four poems has a prominent theme of complaints or complaining, although each poem laments about something different. The poets use a variety of linguistic techniques to display their feelings to complain and vent their anger, including tonal shifts and the use of words from certain semantic fields. The Unknown Citizen by W. H. Auden is an ode to mediocrity. It complains about the way people are numbered and labelled by various organisations so that they can be clustered and sorted to generate lists of facts and figures about society in general. It is also a complaint about the boring and pointless life, that people are said to have, projected by these details. Audens use of language within this poem is particularly interesting and he uses a variety of linguistic techniques to get his point across. The title itself, The Unknown Citizen, has connotations to the famous Unknown Soldier, which represents all missing soldiers, and the reader immediately associates the two, connecting this Unknown Citizen to be representative of all normal people. The title indicates that the person described in the poem is completely unknown and Auden backs this point up with the number he gives the citizen, indicating that this person is so anonymous he is only justifiably identified by a number and not a name. Auden varies the length of lines dramatically throughout the poem and this is perhaps to add swiftness and pace to a mediocre subject, however Auden does use enjambment, i. e. He worked in a factory and never got fired/But satisfied his employers, Fudge Motors Inc. to continue his feelings onto the next line. The effect of this enjambment is that the syntax, rhythm and thought are continued onto the next line, whilst ensuring that the lines are not too long (as this would reduce the poems rapidity). Auden writes in rhyme to give this poem regularity and pace and uses rhyming couplets, such as the question is absurd/we should certainly have heard; to give the poem (or its verses) definite, tidy endings. One very interesting observation on Audens use of language is that he does not use a very critical and complaining lexis, but prefers to grumble through the use of irony, a technique used throughout the poem. For example, he suggests that it takes important psychologists to work out that He (i. e.the subject of the poem) was popular with his mates, which is hardly surprising as everyone is popular with friends, and that it took researchers to discover that he held the proper opinions for that time of year, which suggests that opinions are only seasonal and do not depend on the persons character. Auden complains by pointing out the irony in grouping an unknown person into a group to find out who they were and what they were like and tries to draw attention to the fact that there is no such thing as an average person. Auden wants the reader of his poem to discover that the pompous views of such psychological and educational organisations hold no value when talking about an individual person, which is why he rants about the boring and pointless life such average people are supposed to lead. Henry Reeds Naming of Parts demonstrates the contrast between the harsh realities of the military with the beliefs of a romantic young soldier. In the context of a complaint, it laments about the everyday mechanical organisation of the military and perhaps is a complaint that there is no romance in the daily life of a recruit, or perhaps in life itself. Reed uses the contrasting halves of each verse to illustrate the vast difference between the unforgiving, monotonous, mechanical organisation in the armed forces and the romantic visions of a young poet. He does this by distinguishing between the cold and emotionless drill instructions for army recruits and the passionate beliefs he embraces. Like W. H. Auden, he fails to use a lexis that is very critical or complaining, but instead uses two contrasting lexis to poetically describe natures romance, where words such as blossom and glistens are used, and the opposing mechanical structures he deals with, where Reed uses words including flick and swivel. To complain, Reed uses a technique of repeating what his drill instructor has said and almost translating it into his own, amorous tongue. An example of this is when he converts the drill instructors directions on how to slide the bolt rapidly backwards and forwards to open the breech of a gun to a sexual metaphor of bees rapidly assaulting and fumbling the flowers. The effect these translations have on Reeds piece is that they add overemphasis (they are hyperboles) on the romance in nature and they intrude and ignore the voice of his unromantic drill instructor. Instead of openly complaining about the mechanical tone of life, Reed overrides his teachers commands with romantic notions. Cynddylan on a Tractor by R. S. Thomas is essentially a complaint about the removal of man from the soil and his dependence on machinery. The quote Hes a new man now, part of the machine sums up Thomas belief that when man meets machine then the person ceases to be human. Thomas uses an irregular rhythm, some lines link whilst others dont, to highlight the modifications in the relationship between man and earth. Like W. H. Auden, R. S. Thomas uses enjambment to link ideas to one another, to ensure that the syntax, rhythm and thought of one line are continued onto the next, whilst ensuring that the lines are not too long and an example of enjambment in this poem is Mirror of silence, emptying the wood/Of foxes and squirrels and bright jays. Thomas also uses other linguistic techniques to convey his message, including personification to present things which are not human as if they were human, i. e. His nerves of metal and His blood oil link Cynddylan to the machine and presents him as part of the mechanism. Another interesting element of the poem is where Thomas says His engine runs on a different fuel. This likens Cynddylan to the tractor as it describes Cynddylan as having an engine and having to guzzle fuel as opposed to food like other humans. The lexis used within this poem is often associated with machinery, with words such as metal, oil and fuel often being used to show similarities between the tractor and its driver.

Report 3 Essay

Report 3 Essay Report 3 Essay Tyrus R. Garrett Period #5 Throwing Out the First Ball Each April in cities across the land, somebody stands up, cocks an arm, takes aim at the catcher’s mitt, and let’s go with the first toss of the basketball season. As sure a sign of spring as the sighting of a crocus or a robin, this ritual of throwing out the first ball has become an annual event enjoyed by sports enthusiasts everywhere. No one is quite sure when the practice of having someone other than the pitcher heave the first pitch began, but we know it was being done in the early 1900’s. One story has it that President William Howard Taft started the tradition at the 1910 Washington Senators game. In any event, he was the first of a long line of Presidents who can say they threw at least one pitch in the big leagues. While Presidents, mayors, and various other politicians have been favored for the honor over the years, people from all walks of life have gotten into the act. Opening day hurlers for the California Angles, for example, have included Richard Nixon, Ronald Reagan, and Disneyland’s Mickey Mouse. Even fans have taken part in the ceremony. Bill Veeck, the Chicago White sox owner famous for his promotional stunts in baseball, one handed out foam-plastic balls to all those in the crowd so everyone could have an opportunity to throw out the first ball. In San Diego, the Padres also devised a system whereby fans could be involved in the action. They allowed the person who purchased Season Ticket No. 10,000

A Simple SaaS Marketing Strategy For Amazing Results (+14 Templates)

A Simple SaaS Marketing Strategy For Amazing Results (+14 Templates) Marketing strategy looks different for everyone. In-house marketing teams  often do it all - from social media marketing to brand positioning. Agencies  handle marketing for clients in diverse verticals. And today, theres a fresh breed of marketer in a field with unique challenges of their own: SaaS marketing. So, if youre in SaaS marketing, youre absolutely in the right place. Because in this post, youre going to get everything you need to start a proven SaaS marketing strategy. Ill share with you a 3-stage SaaS marketing strategy: Web traffic: how to get it and why its your lifeblood. Email marketing: how email can be an engine for massive growth. Leads: how to nurture your audience into leads for your sales team. To do this, you get a massive bundle of 14 templates to get you started with this SaaS marketing framework: A 3-resource SEO Copywriting Template Bundle for generating maximum web traffic. A 9-resource Email Marketing Template Bundle for growing a profitable list. A Call-To-Action guide for converting more trial signups and leads. A Marketing Research Process guide to get (and keep) new customers. Download your SaaS marketing bundle now... ^^^ ... and here we go  Ã°Å¸â€œË† A Simple SaaS Marketing Strategy For Amazing Results (+ 14 Templates)What Is SaaS Marketing? So, what is SaaS marketing? SaaS marketing is the process of promoting and selling a software product with license, or recurring revenue, cashflow. SaaS is an acronym that means "Software as a Service." And it refers to a company builds and sells software available to anyone with an internet connection. The first SaaS company actually started back in the '90s by selling floppy discs. After hitting hard times, they pivoted and began selling software online (and eventually sold for billions). Today, SaaS marketing (and companies) are mainstream - and nearly synonymous with what it means to be a startup. For more context, here are some examples of SaaS companies: Salesforce: The most popular customer relationship management (CRM) platform on the planet. Intercom: A customer engagement platform for sales, marketing, and support. Autopilot: An intuitive marketing automation platform. Slack: The communication hub for teams and communication. : The world's best-selling marketing calendar  and marketing management platform. (That's right, we're a SaaS company too!)What is SaaS marketing all about? Get the complete guide (and 14 free templates) here:Where Your SaaS Marketing Strategy Starts While many of the same marketing principles apply, there are unique goals and key performance indicators (KPIs) you should be after as a SaaS marketer. Because your goals determine your actions, they are the North Star for your entire strategy. To start, there  are three big metrics every SaaS marketer should work to influence: Web traffic Email subscribers Qualified leads You might be thinking, "But what about customers?! What about trial signups?! What about a fully-stocked snack bar to power my brains?!" Great questions. The great news is, customers, trials, and awesome perks (for being successful) will come when you master these three metrics. In fact, 's rapid growth  as a SaaS startup is a testament to that. We followed exactly this path. In fact, our CEO outlined our entire growth strategy in his book,  10x Marketing Formula. Recommended Reading: The Best Formula For 10X Marketing Growth Is Here Why These SaaS Marketing Metrics Work So, why do these three metrics work? Because, when pursued together, they become a complete SaaS marketing funnel that will generate results long-term. Marketing funnels (also known as purchase or sales funnels) illustrate the phases of the buying cycle from unawareness of a product all the way through to making an actual purchase. Here is how each KPI fits into this basic marketing funnel: Discovery: web traffic fuels the continual discovery of your brand. Consideration: email marketing helps nurture your traffic into qualified leads. Purchase: leads are converted into trial sign ups and customers via sales or self-serve processes. Recommended Reading: How to Select Marketing Metrics and KPIs to Monitor Focus Your One Metric That Matters Step one in your SaaS marketing journey is to use a principle called One Metric That Matters (1MTM). It's a simple way to prioritize and execute against your most important metric. The 1MTM system helps marketers focus on one big metric at a time. So, your SaaS marketing strategy is tackled sequentially. The majority of your effort will be poured into growing (1) your traffic, (2) your email list, and then (3) your quality leads. The 1MTM system works for two reasons: focus and discipline. Focus On Your 1MTM First, your team will focus completely on increasing your 1MTM. This frees you from getting swarmed by the constant barrage of popcorn metrics. Instead of chasing ten things at once, you'll work on the highest priority at a time. This will keep your eyes locked on a singular point, the one part of the business we have decided to value more highly than any other. Discipline To Grow Your 1MTM Second, this kind of focus creates discipline. The power here is that  focusing everything on your 1MTM makes your team totally accountable to increasing it. Think about it like this.... Imagine you're a marketing manager overwhelmed by trying to grow your company’s social following, website traffic, email list, and leads. You'd be swimming metrics, dashboards, spreadsheets, and competing priorities.   ^^^ And this might sound familiar, already... However, where the 1MTM shines is if you were to look at all of those data, you'd learn you can grow  all of those  metrics as long as you drive tons of quality web traffic. So, as you increase traffic, the rest of the metrics downstream take care of themselves. So, let's jump into your first 1MTM, getting web traffic. Here's how to get your SaaS business to your first 1MTMSaaS Marketing: Grow Relevant Web Traffic Web traffic is where your SaaS marketing funnel will (nearly) always begin. Our company has grown on the wings of content marketing.  And nearly 100 percent of our customers have started as curious visitor on our site. So, your first goal is to grow your relevant web traffic over time. We launched our website about five years ago. And as you can see, we started where everyone else does: with no traffic, no leads, and no customers. The cool part is how we've grown our traffic from nothing to around 1,500,000 pageviews per month... ...largely for free! Which is great news if you're a bootstrapped startup, like we are. We've grown our web traffic by investing heavily in: Content marketing, Search engine optimization (SEO), And giving away awesome marketing tools. Recommended Reading: How Long Should a Blog Post Be to Get the Most Traffic and Shares? Content Marketing Here's the deal. Content marketing isn't new. It's wide-scale adoption is decades old by now. But the truth is that content marketing is still viable - and will continue to be so into the indefinite future. The Content Marketing Institute defines content marketing this way: Content marketing is a strategic marketing approach focused on creating and distributing valuable, relevant, and consistent content to attract and retain a clearly defined audience - and, ultimately, to drive profitable customer action. Content marketing can be anything from... âÅ" Ã¯ ¸  blogging... 📄 to publishing whitepapers... 🎙 to hosting a podcast... 📠¹ to video marketing. No matter what content you're creating, the key point is to "drive profitable customer action." We SaaS marketers aren't in the business of being clever with our content. We're in the business of turning visitors into customers! The best way to do this is by creating content that fits into your "content core." Your content core connects the dots between the value your business provides and what your audience cares about. This single principle helps you drive relevant web traffic better than anything else I've ever experienced. It drives the bus for every topic you choose to create content around. For example, let's say your SaaS company created an app that helps people with personal budgeting. And because your 1MTM is growing web traffic, you've chosen to invest in blogging as your primary form of content marketing. To choose content core topics, answer two questions: What major value does our software add to our customers? What related problems does our audience care about solving? By choosing topics that fit both criteria, you're set to drive profitable customer action. So, blog topics might look like this for your fictional personal budgeting SaaS startup: âÅ"… How to Stick to a Budget for the First Time âÅ"… 5 Areas You're Spending Too Much and Blowing Through Your Budget ⠝Å' What is the Future of Finance? Where the Economy is Headed Those are pretty basic examples. But the point is that, while many of your audience members may be interested in the economy, the topic doesn't have a direct connection to the value your budgeting software provides. Whereas the first two have a direct connection. Sticking within your content core ensures you'll always create content that drives relevant traffic... ...meaning visitors who may  actually become customers because they have pain your product actually solves. Recommended Reading: How to Create a Marketing Budget Plan Drive Massive Traffic With SEO Now, if the content core tells you  what to talk about... The next two traffic levers tells you  how to get people to see it... SEO is a tried-and-true method of gaining consistent traffic. Search Engine Land defines it like this: SEO stands for â€Å"search engine optimization.† It is the process of getting traffic from the â€Å"free,† â€Å"organic,† â€Å"editorial† or â€Å"natural† search results on search engines. The gist of SEO is to make your content readable (and findable) by both people and robots. And while it's an extremely deep topic, and a discipline all its own, effective SaaS marketing depends on it. There are phenomenal guides available, like this one from Ahrefs, but if you grabbed your bundle, you'll find three awesome resources to get you started. SEO Content Strategy First, you'll find the quick SEO overview guide called the SEO Content Strategy Template. It walks you through a strategy for content optimization... ...all with the goal of turning you into an SEO rockstar 🠤˜ It walks you through quick tips to get started + includes a walkthrough to nail your strategy. It includes: The basics of an SEO content strategy. How to define your brand's SEO content strategy. Research methods for targeting topics and keywords. A roadmap for executing your strategy. A guide to creating optimized content. Recommended Reading: SEO Content Strategy: How to Skyrocket Your Traffic By 594% On-Page SEO Checklist Next, you'll find the On-Page SEO Checklist. According to Moz: On-page SEO is the practice of optimizing individual web pages in order to rank higher and earn more relevant traffic in search engines. This checklist contains 19 key questions to ask about your most important pages: Has keyword research been completed? Do you understand the search intent behind your chosen keyword? Is the primary keyword present in the title tag, H1, body content, and an image file name? Is the title tag less than 70 characters long? Is the meta description 150 characters or less? Are headers structured logically, with just one H1 tag followed by appropriate H2, H3, H4 (etc.) tags? Are variations of the primary keyword included in the body content and H2/H3 header tags? Are images properly optimized (keyword in file name, appropriate alt-tag, small file size, high quality?) Are internal links present to other pages on your site? Are external links present to other reputable websites? Are no-follow tags applied to affiliate links (if present)? Are synonyms of the primary keyword included in the post copy? Do all links use appropriate anchor text (meaning, is the highlighted linked text relevant to the page being to)? Is the content sufficiently unique (re: non-duplicative of other content on your site)? Have appropriate blog Have  categories and tags been selected? Are your analytics and tracking tools correctly configured? Is my site mobile-friendly? Are all images uploaded at the exact size I want them to appear on my site? If this is a blog post, have I added at least one (and no more than two) relevant categories? If you check each box, you will be miles ahead on your SEO strategy. Recommended Reading: How to Maximize Your On-Page SEO With This Awesome Checklist SaaS Marketing: Your Email List Now, it's time the second stage of SaaS marketing: email marketing. Though it's occasionally pronounced dead, email marketing is very much alive. And for SaaS marketing, in particular. At , we've seen a nearly 300 percent return on our investment in email marketing. We believe it's one of the most valuable assets we have. As of writing this, our email list is nearing 500,000 subscribers! But this didn't happen on its own. Why Build An Email List? Online chat with either people or bots is an incredible innovation in SaaS marketing. For instance, according to research by Salesforce, 69 percent of consumers prefer chatbots for quick online communication. However, even in a world of chatbots, email still has its place. It is an "owned" connection to your audience, rather than a "rented" connection. An email list is an owned, direct, and permission-based line of communication. When you send an email, it gets delivered (deliverability issues aside). However, something like a social media audience is a rented connection. Your organic reach is controlled by the network - and everyone knows reach is in rapid decline. Right now, it sits somewhere below 2 percent, on average. This means brands who rely mostly on social media face an uphill battle if they don't pay for increasingly higher media buys. Compare this to the fact that  38 percent of average North Americans check their inboxes 4 – 15 times per day... ...and you have some compelling numbers in favor of a strong email list. So, let's talk about how to grow and connect with your email list. Recommended Reading: 21+ Easy Ways to Build an Email List That Will Skyrocket By 140% in One Year Grow Your Email List With Content Upgrades First, use content upgrades as a method for growth. They are companion resources to content like blog posts, articles, or reports. And if you're reading this, you've probably seen hundreds - if not thousands - of them. In fact, we've used one in this very post 😎 Using them to build your list is easy. Simply gate them behind an email signup form. Then your audience will get the resource by "paying" with an email address. What does a content upgrade look like? Well... Whatever your audience will find valuable! At , we routinely use: 📑 PDF guides, 📠 Worksheet templates, âÅ"… Checklists, 📈 Spreadsheets for tracking and planning, 📊 Custom Google Analytics reports, 🎙 Exclusive audio interviews, 📠¹ Access to educational video content, ðŸâ€"Å' Photoshop CC actions, 📠º Slide decks, 🎠¯ And everything else our audience needs to put our advice into practice. We have a resource library packed around 300 content upgrades.  And in total, they account for more than 250,000 of our email signups. To summarize, valuable content upgrades can be one of the most vital list-building engines you have. And they are an excellent way to add more value to all of that traffic you're working so hard to drive! Simply put, if you're doing content marketing, they're too important to skip. Simply put, if you're doing content marketing, content upgrades are too important to skip.Grow Your Email List By Giving Away Free Tools In line with content upgrades, giving your access to free tools in exchange for an email address adds rocket fuel to growth. You've probably used your fair share. For example: Moz's Keyword Explorer tool gives you access to part of their software for keyword research. Hubspot's Website Grader analyzes your site's performance and gives you actionable tips to improve it. Neil Patel's SEO Audit shows actionable tips for improving your site's visibility online. The genius of tools like this is how they can "product-ize" a facet of your company's software or service.  They add huge value to your audience while also giving them a taste of just how valuable your tool is. We've done exactly that here at . Headline Analyzer Writing great headlines is key to getting clicks on your content. So, as content marketers, we take our headlines seriously. Our process has always been to write 25 headlines for every post. This discipline makes you work through the cruft and get to the gold. However, we soon realized that our software actually had north of 1,000,000 headlines - complete with social share data - from thousands of users. Being the nerds that we are, we did intensive research to find the highest performing headlines. Then we crafted formulas that our team started using. But... This is where it got interesting... We created a free tool called The Headline Analyzer, fueled by the same data. And we gave it away for free. It generates a quality score for users and even provides suggestions to optimize it. This tool gets around 80,000 pageviews each month. And to date, has netted around 75,000 email signups. Notice how the 1MTM of web traffic  and email signups play nicely together? That's exactly the power of giving away a free tool that solves real problems for your audience. Even cooler is this tool has become baked right into our product! So, every time someone uses our headline analyzer, they're experiencing just a sliver of 's value. We've done the same thing with our free tools the Social Message Optimizer... ...and the Email Subject Line Tester. Each tool drives similar results to the Headline Analyzer. Plus, they again highlight the power of our tool. integrates with  every major social media network.  When someone uses our Social Message Optimizer, they're seeing a snapshot of how can amplify their social media effectiveness. The same goes for our Email Subject Line Tester. Because we also integrate with email platforms like Mailchimp, Constant Contact, Active Campaign, Campaign Monitor, Hubspot, and more... Building your email list is paramount for SaaS marketing success. And sets you up for the third 1MTM in this simple strategy: generating qualified leads. SaaS Marketing: Generating Qualified Leads Qualified leads are an important evolution in your SaaS marketing journey. This is also the stage where things can get far more complex. Often you're dealing with CRMs, marketing automation, lead scoring, and multiple layers of sales reps. Regardless of how simple or complex your org chart and tech stack is, though, the simplest place to start is by focusing on conversions. And that means writing phenomenal calls-to-action (CTAs). The 5 Stages Of Awareness To write powerful CTAs, you need to discern exactly where your audience is in relation to making a purchase. One of my favorite marketers is Joanna Wiebe, and she's a treasure trove of knowledge when it comes to exactly this. In a recent interview, she describes the "Five Stages of Awareness" every person moves through on their way to purchase. The five stages are: Unaware Pain aware Solution aware Product aware Most aware Let's walk through them step-by-step. First, each person is unaware. Which means  they may not be able to fully articulate their problem or pain - and especially not your role as a solution. This stage requires top-of-the-funnel content to move them to the next stage of awareness. Second, your audience starts feeling and understanding their pain. Here, they're feeling a specific pain, but they may not understand what solutions exist. For example, imagine they're a marketing manager who's totally overwhelmed. Their team is missing deadlines. They're stuck in constant fire drills. And are battling constant stress around being a good leader. At this point, they won’t know how to solve this pain. They're simply aware that it exists and looking for a fix. Third, they've learned there’s a cure for the pain. They're pain aware when they know there's a way out... But they haven't yet matched the pain to a specific solution. Fourth, they've learned knows you can solve their pain. Now they are product aware, which means they know that your product is one of the solutions to their pain.   They're actively searching... They're combing through reviews on G2 Crowd... They're checking out Product Hunt... And (hopefully) they're finding all of your wonderful content core topics because of your SEO mastery! In short, this is where you're going head-to-head with your competition. Fifth, they know you're the best solution to their pain. They've arrived at the wonderful stage called most aware! They believe you're the best solution for their pain, and they're ready to try or buy. They're ready for a trial, a sales call, or even a purchase. And this is where you have your qualified leads 😎   Write Compelling CTAs For Trial Signups In SaaS marketing, free trials are the norm - and a perfect next step. But what's vital is that you set the table for success. The five stages of awareness help you bridge education gaps. And also deeply connect your audience's pain with your solution. While hundreds of different copywriting techniques exist, the simple truth is this... As a SaaS marketer, you're in sales as much as you're in marketing. So, don't get lost in the forest of marketing techniques or the psychology of persuasion. Make sure you actually sell with your content  and strong calls to action. No Selling, No Qualified Leads If you don't sell, you won't generate qualified leads. Be clear. Be concise. Be bold. Don't assume your audience will take profitable action without being invited to do so. In my experience, one of the biggest hurdles marketers have is a fear of being "too salesy." But I think there's a better way of thinking about it. If you have paying customers, it means you're helpful. It means your product adds value to them. So really, as marketers, the most helpful thing we can do for our audience is to make them customers.

Clinical psychology Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Clinical psychology - Personal Statement Example It is their purview to help people cope with their condition and find suitable means to overcome them and lead a normal life. Regarding my experiences in this field, I have worked for 10 years as a Psychologist in the Department of drug addiction. Having fully realized the importance of clinical psychology, I now want to pursue a Masters Degree program and hence I am seeking admission for the same at your institute. I believe enrolling for the Masters Degree program will give me an opportunity to learn in depth the concepts and theories relating to clinical psychology and thus improve my understanding of the subject. This will enable me to work better with my patients and have the right understanding about their medical condition. In addition, I am also interested in pursuing research in this field and hence this Masters program will help me achieve my long-cherished dream. Studying about the human mind is always fascinating as the mind is subject to constant changes. Both genetic an d environmental factors can contribute to these changes. All the studies carried out in the field of clinical psychology focuses on the human mind in order to better understand the working of the mind and to work out a solution to help people overcome their difficulties and problems. These studies have helped psychologists to understand how the human mind works under different circumstances. This field also provides the opportunity to work with people both young and old and both the sexes. I am keenly interested in using the various theories of clinical psychology to understand in more detail about several psychological disorders such as schizophrenia and depression. During my experience as a psychologist with the department of drug addiction, I employed techniques such as observation, assessment and experimentation to understand individual behavior and the causative factors behind the addiction. Additionally laboratory experiments carried out along with suitable controls, hypnotic methods, biofeedback techniques, and tests which help to ascertain the personality traits, intelligence and aptitude of an individual. I understand that clinical psychologists play a vital role in helping people deal with their lives after events such as terror strikes and numerous other accidents and natural calamities. It is the clinical psychologists who help people cope with mental disorders or personal problems. A strong bond between the patient and the psychologist is established through patient interviews, psychotherapy for patients and their family and other suitable intervention and treatment strategies which are undertaken to fully understand the mental state of the individual. I hope to employ all the above approaches and strategies effectively while dealing with patients and their families. I also understand the importance of encouraging patients to think and reason out things on their own which would provide more clarity to previously confusing thoughts and actions and also help them cope better with their mental condition. When the right strategy is employed people often find a relief from the underlying medical condition or from the stresses imposed by daily life. I also have a strong inclination to work with under-privileged people suffering from mental illnesses and want to help them cope with their condition and thus bring some cheer in to their lives. I have, in my personal experience, worked and helped such people and the experience that I had gained

Commercial Production of Vitamin C Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Commercial Production of Vitamin C - Assignment Example Vitamin c, chemically is Ascorbic acid, It naturally occurs in fruits and vegetables, it is a vital substance ,and is water salable, Human body can not synthesize Vitamin c, nor can it store it , therefore the body requirements needs to be full filled from diet, through absorption from the gut. Historically, the deficiency of dietary in take can lead to a disease called Scurvy.. In 1 8th century the sailors and solders who used to be ,on ship for long time and there food was deficient in fruits and vegetables would develop scurvy, main symptoms of scurvy are , bleeding gums, bone and Joint pain nerve disorders and death.. , East India company appointed surgeon general MR Jhon woodall, who recommends in his book the use of lemon juice for the prevention and cure of Scurvy. In the year 1912 MR Casimir Funk a polish American, developed the concept of vitamins, he thought that they are micro constituent of diet and are essential for health, he named them vitamins because he thought they are vital and chemically are amino acids., from 1928 till 1933 MR Joseph L Svivly and MR Albert Szent Gyeryl of Hungary and An independent American MR Charls Glin King first isolated the anti Scorbutic factor and named it Ascorbic acid . British chemists Sir Walter Norman Haworth in 1933 till1934 synthesized vitamin C and hence made it cheaply available, for this contribution he was awarded the Noble prize of medicine in 1937.... pregnancy, sickness and lactation the daily requirement increases .Many folds Properties of Vitamin C, and Uses vitamin C is needed as a dietary supplement , for humans and pets, like humans some animals can not synthesize the substance hence they need it on daily basis, Vitamin C is also used in Industry as food preservative , in fruit juices beverages, that is because of its antioxidant properties, it is used to preserve color , taste in many food products. Vitamin c removes the oxygen from the surroundings to become oxidized, by this action it acts as an antioxidant, oxidation is responsible for the brown color that develops in fruits ,once exposed to oxygen., by oxidation the phenols in the fruits are converted to Melanins,, Melanins are brown in color. Those fruits which turn brown on cutting , like apple bananas, have a phenols, these Page 3 Phenols, in presence of oxygen and metal can turn quickly into Quinns., which are harmful.. Vitamin C is added to fruit juices to improve taste , preserve nutritional value and to preserve the color In meat industry Vitamin C is used for its antioxidant properties, Vitamin C 1 accelerate color development, prevents Color fading , inhibits nitrosamine formation, and 2 prevents oxidation.." Vitamin c is more stable in amber colored containers ,and glass containers than in white ,and brown containers." ( Ahmed AA p 3 ). 3 "Vitamin C can improve the bread dough, where it improves the dough texture and loaf volume. " (Hosney R

GRNS403 Grains Industry Systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

GRNS403 Grains Industry Systems - Essay Example proving, grain production is still dominated by a group of same area farming activities while deregulation in 2008, grain selling, sales and exportation sectors have undergone major restructuring. The resources demanding nature of infrastructure facilitating storing, transportation and exportation shows that by few key players (Kirsten, Lorna, Paolo, Andrew & Alberta Velimirov 2005) Commencing from the garden to make wheat flour, wheat is changed into a shelf-stable product through processing. The complex series of steps, which is both time-tested and highly scientific, starts the process that the grain is harvested and taken to a processing machine. Through nowadays technology and processing process, the individual kernels are kept, sorted, cleaned, ground, bleached, enriched and or equipped before being stored awaiting distribution. Once is done, the end product is used is to make variety of foods, including breads, pasta and pastries (Bonjean & Angus 2001). Before wheat processing commences, it has a sometimes-long procedures from the field to processing plant. It is harvested from the farm in covered trucks or rails motors. In some cases it travels adversely distances; in other cases, from one geographical area to another. When it reaches destination it is inspected and sampled water content, test mass, unfit kernels and far-off material. Based on the outcome from the tests, it is resolute how the wheat is treated, handled and kept until processing. After this, wheat is transported to silos for safekeeping, where warmth and water content control keep it fresh until the time of manufacturing (Kirsten, Lorna, Paolo, Andrew & Alberta Velimirov 2005) `The grain starts the processing procedure by entering the set of machines that clean it (cleaning house). This process involves as many as 6 steps and involves removing foreign matter that may be present in the wheat as well as processing it ready for processing. This process uses a magnetic separator, aspirator

Conciseness homework Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Conciseness homework - Assignment Example The samples were then stored in coolers on site for transportation to the chemical analytical laboratory. c. Based on the geotechnical data obtained from the sub- surface exploration program, the results of the percolation testing, and the planned plumbing fixtures, the feasibility of installing a leachfield-type on-site sewage- disposal system was evaluated. Answer: The feasibility of installing a leachfield-type on-site sewage- disposal system was based on data obtained from several reports. The data considered include the sub- surface exploration program, the results of the percolation testing, and the planned plumbing fixtures. Revise the following sentences by applying all the guidelines mentioned in this chapter. When you change passive verbs to active, it may be necessary to make some assumptions about the agent of the action, because the sentences are taken out of context. a. Based on our review of the available records, conversations with the various agencies involved, including the Fire Department and the Police Department, and a thorough survey of the site where the spill occurred, it was determined that the site contained chemicals that were hazardous to human health. Based on review of reports and inputs from different agencies like the Fire Department and the Police Department, it was determined that the oil spill has left the site chemically contaminated and was hazardous to human health. b. After seven hours at the negotiation table, the union representatives and management decided that the issues they were discussing could not be resolved that evening, so they met the next day at the hotel complex, at which point they agreed on a new contract that would increase job security and

What about Magnet Status Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

What about Magnet Status - Essay Example The Magnet program in hospitals is designed to facilitate nurses and their practices (Wise, 2009, p.g. 205). Magnet hospitals have portrayed structural qualities. These qualities allow the nurses to work efficiently. The magnet hospitals also give nurses a chance to use their knowledge and capability by which they can produce excellent patient care (Havens et al, 1999, p.g. 14). Magnet hospitals have been present since two decades. Various studies have been conducted to study the pros and benefits of magnet hospitals. Results of the studies have proved that superior working environment for nurses at Magnet hospitals is beneficial for patient outcomes. Better working environment leads to higher nurse job satisfaction. Due to these pros, less nurses leave their jobs and are not exhausted. Evidence from studies is indicative that Magnet hospitals should be classified as the â€Å"best practice.† (Kelly et al, 2011, p.g.428). To summarize excellence in nursing has a two-fold benefit as it benefits patients and nurses (Lewis et al, 1998, pg. 51). Studies have shown that finding magnet hospitals these days is quiet difficult since the requirement are more than what a hospital could offer these days. Also, the work schedule required for hospitals to get this status is not possible to be infuse into the environment of the hospital (Pizzi, 2010). Other cons that these facilities get are that they only empower a nurse’s illusion. Acquiring magnet recognition is not easy as it is a procedure that requires labor and time (Magnet Reognition, n.d). Magnet status is a term that has been circulating in the health care industry for over two decades now. Health care facilities which provide autonomy, distributed organizational structures, helpful management and self-governance to the nursing staff are given the â€Å"magnet† status. Patients admitted at magnet status hospitals have a better mortality

Conciseness homework Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Conciseness homework - Assignment Example The samples were then stored in coolers on site for transportation to the chemical analytical laboratory. c. Based on the geotechnical data obtained from the sub- surface exploration program, the results of the percolation testing, and the planned plumbing fixtures, the feasibility of installing a leachfield-type on-site sewage- disposal system was evaluated. Answer: The feasibility of installing a leachfield-type on-site sewage- disposal system was based on data obtained from several reports. The data considered include the sub- surface exploration program, the results of the percolation testing, and the planned plumbing fixtures. Revise the following sentences by applying all the guidelines mentioned in this chapter. When you change passive verbs to active, it may be necessary to make some assumptions about the agent of the action, because the sentences are taken out of context. a. Based on our review of the available records, conversations with the various agencies involved, including the Fire Department and the Police Department, and a thorough survey of the site where the spill occurred, it was determined that the site contained chemicals that were hazardous to human health. Based on review of reports and inputs from different agencies like the Fire Department and the Police Department, it was determined that the oil spill has left the site chemically contaminated and was hazardous to human health. b. After seven hours at the negotiation table, the union representatives and management decided that the issues they were discussing could not be resolved that evening, so they met the next day at the hotel complex, at which point they agreed on a new contract that would increase job security and

Gucci examine how brand theories or models apply in practice to the Essay

Gucci examine how brand theories or models apply in practice to the organisation assess how they use differentiated or undifferentiated marketing strategies f - Essay Example The main marketing strategy of Gucci is "designed to maintain a high profile and consistent visibility". This involves constant marketing of its products and image, which keeps the company constantly discernible to customers and the fashion world. To achieve this, Gucci has started increasing communications expenditure in the last 3 years, and is planning on continuing the increase of its marketing budget. Gucci's products and marketing methods are not tailored according to national needs or customs. It aims at reaching the growing global market segment of the rich and "newly rich", among which groups a homogenization of taste for luxury products has been detected. This group is a true example of the emergent phenomena of the global marketplace, where needs and perceived benefits are common from the USA to Europe to Japan. This global market segment's price elasticity is low, meaning that they are not affected by changes in prices. They see price as an irrelevant factor, and shop for luxurious, high quality brand names. I once read a report that quoted the CEO of a luxury goods company, as he stated that it is simpler to increase prices of luxury goods than to lower them, as this is what consumers expect. Since Gucci has several rival firms on a glo... Since Gucci has several rival firms on a global scale, it coordinates its marketing activities with careful timing and placement to achieve maximal penetration of its core message: the luxurious and fashionable image of all Gucci products. Gucci advertises in national and international fashion, lifestyle and business magazines. Advertisements are timed to appear at the start of buying seasons, where customers will be looking for fashion items to purchase for the coming season. This is effective use of advertising, since the ads appear at times of the year when customers are open to receive such messages. Direct Marketing Gucci publishes product catalogues and makes them available to existing and potential customers. These catalogues should be sent out via mail to the companies customers, and be reachable by potential customers at e.g. prestigious hair saloons, etc. Direct mail should also be sent to the wealthier people in each of the countries where Gucci pursues business activities, thereby making it convenient for the potential customers to familiarize themselves with Gucci products and even order through the order sheets provided in the catalogues. Gucci has set up PR offices in the fashion capitals of the world. Their job it to make local and international fashion press deal with Gucci as much as possible. (Silverstein, 2005, 155-63) Holding four seasonal fashion shows yearly, where the newest Gucci models are unveiled, also backs this. These shows are also good opportunities to appear in fashion press and other magazines. Image Tom Ford, the creative director of Gucci has been molding the company's image at his will. Gucci sells an attitude, as does all fashion today. Fashion is all about beauty, desire and sex and this is why Gucci's image is so

Technologies vs Traditional Skill Essay Example for Free

Technologies vs Traditional Skill Essay The traditional skills seems to be forgotten and dying due to the betterment of technology. The enhancement of technology improves the quality of life in the aspect of education, medication, and communication. The advantages of the improvement of technology can be seen in the field of education. The advancement in technology helps the students in their learning. The use of technology like projector in class makes the learning fun and easy to be understood by the students. In some schools, they use e-learning as a medium for the students to easily accessed to their teachers and learning. Now, a teacher does not need to use chalk and wasting their energy to write on the blackboard. Another contribution of the development of technology is in the aspect of medication. The body of a person can easily be analyzed by using the x-ray technology, microscope, scanners and many others. The revolutionized medicines and surgical tools make the treatment and surgery become less painful. The treatments become more efficient and many health problems can be cured easily. Lastly, communication is no longer limited because of the development of technology. In the past, people wrote and sent information through letter and telegram, which requires a long time to be received by the receiver. But now, information can be sent and received just by a click. Whether it is emergency services, friends, family or work related issues; we now have cell phones, PDA’s, email, and other ways of electronically transferring information we need to communicate for whatever reason. To sum up, there is no need to retain the traditional methods as the advanced technologies have already made the life ultimately easier.

Phonetics in learning English

Phonetics in learning English Introduction The core of phonetic is to identify the characteristics of the sounds which human begins can use in language. Sounds can basically be divided into two types: vowels and consonants. Vowels are produced by altering the shape of the vocal tract by positioning of the tongue and lips. Consonants are sounds which are produced by the partial or complete construction of the vocal tract. The picture of how your mouth looks when you say sounds. (Sharon Widmayer and Holly Gray) image of articulators Your lips, teeth, tongue, nose, and roof of your mouth are all important for pronunciation. The epiglottis is also important. That is the thing that you use to hold your breath and to swallow. It closes your windpipe so the air cannot come out. The components of teaching the sound of English 1. Vowels Vowels are usually described by reference to five criteria, and these are adequate as a basic point of reference, although some vowel sound require more specification: the height reached by the highest point of the tongue (high, mid, low) , the part of the tongue which is raised (front, center, back), the shape formed by the lips (unrounded or spread, rounded) the position of the soft palate for oral vowels, lowered for nasal vowels, the duration of the vowel (short, long) Some Generalizations (Not Rules) about English vowels and spelling English vowels have long and short forms. The long form is the name of the letter: The short form is as follows: Long vowels are usually (but not always) indicated by a second (silent) vowel in the same syllable: Short vowels usually stand alone within a syllable and are often followed by double consonants: 2. Consonant sounds Consonant sounds have three basic features in their articulation: place of articulation, manager of articulation, and voicing. Consonants produce sounds that are more consistent and easier to identify than vowels. Therefore, they make a good starting point for learning to read. Initially, work should be done on identifying beginning consonant sounds (ex: t-t-t tulip). After that, activities can focus on identifying final consonant sounds (ex: cat ends with the t-t-t sound) When children learn to recognize the sounds of consonants at the beginning and end positions of words, they gain the ability to look at a word and make a reasonable guess as to what it might be. Viewing the word in the context of a picture will help reinforce this skill. (for example, a picture of a dog with the word DOG underneath. The ability to sound out the D and G letters will help the child identify that the word is DOG, not puppy or dalmation) The ideas and activities presented in this section will help children develop the following skills: identifying beginning consonant sounds distinguishing between two or more beginning consonant sounds identifying ending consonant sounds distinguishing between two or more ending consonants choosing words that have a particular beginning or ending consonant The following diagram shows the names of the various parts of the mouth involved in the production of English consonants: A = nasal cavityB = alveolar ridgeC = hard palateD = soft palate or velumE = lips and teethF = tongue 1 tip 2 blade 3 bodyG = uvulaH = larynx and vocal cordsv For each consonant, two parts of the mouth are involved, and the name given to it reflects this. Starting from the front, some consonants are made using both lips try saying /p/ /b/ /w/ and /m/ and these are called bilabial consonants (bilabial = two lips) Now try /f/ and /v/. This time its the bottom lip and top teeth which are involved. These are labiodental consonants (labio = lip, dental = teeth). For nearly all the other consonants, the tongue will interact with another part of the mouth. The name of the consonant doesnt include a reference to the tongue however, just the point of the mouth which it meets. So for instance, sounds made by an interaction between the tongue and the teeth are just called dental sounds. These are /t/, /d/ and the voiced and unvoiced th sounds: /  °/ as in this and /ÃŽ ¸/ as in thick . If you run your tongue back behind your teeth, you come to a bony ridge called the alveolar ridge. Several sounds are made on or just behind the ridge /s/ /z/ /t/ /d/ /n/ /r/ and /l/ Moving back from the alveolar ridge you come to a similarly hard but smoother zone the hard palate. /j/ as in yellow is a palatal sound, are as the highlighted consonants in the words sheep, measure, cheap and jeep. There is also a palatal version of the /r/ consonant. If you found it strange that it was classed before as alveolar, you may have been saying the palatal version. Notice that there is now a difference in the way the tongue is used. For the dental and alveolar sounds, it was the tip of the tongue which was involved. For palatal sounds, however, its the blade of the tongue, and as we move further back to the velum (the soft part of the palate, closest to the throat) its the back, or body, of the tongue. The velar sounds are /g/ and /k/ and the final consonants in sing and in bottle often called the dark l. This leaves only the consonant /h/ which is produced by air passing from the windpipe through the vocal cords, or glottis. Its therefore a glottal sound. Place of Articulation tells us where the consonants are produced, but we also need to consider Manner of Articulation how they are produced. The most important categories are: Plosives: Plosive sounds (also called stop sounds) are formed by the air being completely blocked in the mouth and then suddenly released. For example, /k/ and /g/ are formed when the back of the tongue rises to the velum and momentarily blocks the air. These are therefore velar plosives. The other plosive consonants of English are the bilabial plosives /p/ and /b/ and the alveolar plosives /t/ and /d/. Some varieties of English London English for example also include a glottal stop which substitutes for the /t/ consonant between vowels. Imagine a London pronunciation of butter, for example. Fricatives: Fricatives are formed when the two parts of the mouth approach each other closely, not completely blocking the passage of the air, but forcing it through a confined space. The air molecules start to bump against each other causing audible friction. Try the palatal fricative the sh sound. You can feel your tongue up close to the alveolar ridge and the air passing through the small space left. The full list of English fricatives is : labiodental fricatives /f/ and /v/; dental fricatives the two th sounds; alveolar fricatives /s/ and /z/; palatal fricatives /ʃ/ as in in sheep and /Ê’/ as in measure; and the glottal fricative /h/. Affricates: Affricates are really a plosive and a fricative combined. The air is initially blocked, and then released through a narrow passageway like a fricative. English has two affricates, the initial sounds in cheap and jeep / Ê / and /Ê ¤/. These are usually classed as palato-alveolar affricates, as theyre made in a position half way between the alveolar ridge and the hard palate. Nasals: when a nasal sound is produced, the air is prevented from going out through the mouth and is instead released through the nose. There are three English nasals the bilabial nasals /m/ and /n/ and the velar nasal /ņ¹/ the final consonant in sing. Approximant: Approximants are a bit of a hotch-potch category, and contain some of the most problematic sounds in English. Well look at them in detail another time, but for now will classify them together as sounds produced when the airstream moves around the tongue and out of the mouth with almost no obstruction. The English approximants are the alveolar approximants /l/ and /r/, the palatal approximant /j/, as in yes, and the dark l the velar approximant as in bottle. Keep in mind, however, that this is a simplification. This leaves the third distinguishing category which we discussed in the last article voicing. If the vocal cords are vibrated when the sound is made, the sound is voiced. If the are not, it is unvoiced. Several of the English consonants come in pairs. They have the same place and manner of articulation and are distinguished only by voicing (1). For example /t/ and /d/ are both alveolar plosives, but /t/ is unvoiced while /d/ is voiced. In the summarizing chart below, where pairs occur the unvoiced sound is always given first. 3. Sounds in connected speech Sounds are seldom produced in isolation. In connected speech (that is, any sequence spoken at natural speed), many sounds tend to be altered of modified by the sound immediately before of after them, especially at the boundaries between words. According to the Excerpt from Study Guide, Connected Speech is the key to gaining a natural, smooth-flowing style of speech. People do not speak in separate words; they speak in logical connected groups of words. Even native speakers sometimes stumble over their words because they are unaware of the little tricks for avoiding the pitfalls. Trained actors, of course, are able to deliver lengthy, complex, and even tongue-twisting passages flawlessly. This is not a gift. They have simply learned the rules for linking one word into another with intention. When youve finished this tape, youll know the rules, too; and with practice youll become a fluent, polished speaker. These are the steps for speaking in connected speech: Direct Linking: Linking final consonants directly into vowels Play and Link: Linking final consonants fully played and linked to fully played non-related consonants. Prepare and Link: Prepare for the final consonant, and execute related consonant that it is linking into. Weak Forms: A lot of the very small connecting words in speech are so de-emphasized, or unstressed, that they often take on a Weak Form. Contractions: We use these words so much that, we usually contract them together. Word Endings and Contractions: Common Word Endings (Suffixes).These are mostly unstressed, and should be treated like weak forms. Dialogues Practicing Word Endings and Contractions: These dialogues have a double emphasis. Practicing both Word Endings and Contractions within a context. Conclusion If other aspects of pronunciation are dealt with efficiently, sounds do not present such a problem. Again, much of the difficulty which students have when pronouncing English sounds comes, not from a physical inability to form them, but from language interference. This occurs when the student knows how an English word is spelt and pronounces it as if was written in his own language. It is important for a teacher to know how sounds are formed so that he understands what his students are doing wrong. References John Haycraft. (1978). An introduction to English language teaching. Longman: Longman Group Ltd.1978 Jones, D.(1998). The Pronunciation of English. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. http://www.kidzone.ws/kindergarten/consonants-intro.htm Kelly, G.(2000). How to Teach Pronunciation. Harlow: Peason. Ladefoged, P.(2005). Vowels and Consonants: Oxford: Blackwell. Steele,V.(2005) Connected Speech (Onlline). http://www.teachingenglish.org.uk/(2005, May 29)

Essay --

Loneliness: We all know that every one becomes lonely once in a while. But in Steinbeck's novella "Of Mice and Men† it shows the loneliness of ranch life in the early 1930's. It also shows how people are trying to find friendship with other ranchers in order to escape from loneliness. Imagine if you had nobody to talk to. Loneliness is the basic message here in this story. Steinbeck uses different type of names and words such as the town near the ranch called â€Å"Soledad†. Which means loneliness in Spanish. Another word Steinbeck uses is the card game called "Solitaire" which means by ones self. George would normally play this card game by himself or either with Carlson and Slim. All men on the ranch are lonely including Curley’s wife even though she has Curely as his husband. But they have no communication at all. She is controlled by Curley making her lonely. He doesn’t let her speak to anybody. The men on the ranch are not afraid to talk to her, the reason they don’t talk to her is because Curley will start a fight because of jealousy. â€Å"Go back to the house† said Curley (pg. 78). She has no female friends on the ranch leading her only option to talking to men on the ranch. Curley is an aggressive guy and doesn’t like the fact that his wife is out of the house all the time. In the beginning of the boo k, Steinbeck introduces the idea of loneliness by how men work on ranches living temporary lives, with no goal in life. Although Lennie’s and George’s goal is to have their own land and have all different types of animals and of course â€Å"how I get to tend the rabbits† says Lennie (pg. 14). â€Å"Over each bunk there was nailed an apple box with the opening forward so that it made two shelves for personal belongings of the occupant of th... ...I couldn’t do that. I had’ im too long†(pg.45). It shows that Candy was upset to kill his old dog that he had for a long time. He felt he should have shot his dog himself, not a stranger. When George shoot Lennie he felt terrible because it was his true friend and the only one he trusted. Because of this, he has to live the rest of his life alone and knowing that he killed his only friend he trusted. But I think he did the right thing. I think it shows their strong friendship. George did what was best for himself and for Lennie, which stopped all the trouble Lennie caused. Each character in the book is affected by loneliness in one way or another. Everybody needs to talk to someone in order to survive the loneliness. Each of the characters died due to loneliness. The message the book is giving out is every body needs a friend to talk to, no matter what race or sex.

Effects of Women Incarceration on Young Children Essay

Number of women putting in prison has increased drastically in recent decades. Approximately 600,000 women were incarcerated in 1990. This number has increased to more than one million in 2000. Though women are less likely to get imprisonment, the rate of their imprisonment is rising drastically (Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2001). Majority of women put in prison are mothers. Families of incarcerated women are badly affected and face challenges such mental illness, poverty, substance abuse and child abuse. Sometimes, permanent changes in children of incarcerated women take place even when their mother has returned home. Such children lose the hope of having their mother for the rest of life with them. They think that their mother will go to jail sooner or later (Greene & Hurtado 2000). Children of incarcerated mother are subjected to go through troubles in their adolescence. Such children may commit a crime, may involve in substance abuse, mental illness may be profound in them, may leave schools in their early life and may receive inappropriate adult care. Criminal behavior of mothers brings damaging effects in children. They are badly affected when they see their mother arrested and put in prison (Young & Carrie 2000). This paper provides information about the effects of women incarceration on young children. Different age groups of children are taken into consideration and the effect of their mother’s incarceration on them is discussed in detail. This paper describes how children try to cope up with the incarceration of their mothers. Changes in policies are required and this paper recommends such changes to provide support to such children and to keep them away from the harm. Effect of Women Incarceration on Young Children Majority of the incarcerated women are mothers. The effects of mother’s incarceration on young children are not much known. Such children are not considered when their mothers are put in prison. Researchers, policy makers, communities and service providers do not think about the affected children and thus, nothing is being done for the well-being of those children. Children at different development stages are affected to a different extent. Infants and toddlers are affected in a different manner, where as, pre-schoolers, school-aged children and adolescents are affected in entirely different manner to a different extent (McClellan 1994). Impact of Mother’s Incarceration on Infants and Toddlers Babies are not able to understand the imprisonment of their mothers but people around them come under stress due to the incarceration of the baby’s mother. Such stressed people’s behavior tells the babies that something wrong has happened. The stress period begins when the mother is arrested, put in prison and the stress continues even after the mother’s return. Care givers do not take care of the babies the way a mother can do. Such babies do not receive breast feeding that is essential for their growth. Their routines are badly disrupted. Infants and toddlers are more likely to receive neglecting and abusive care. They are most likely to receive very less capacity to regulate them. They have to face severe stress that is often imposed by their family. They may also have to face poverty. Children of this age group are not able to understand the arrest and imprisonment of their mothers. Some children of this age group forget their mothers and become attached to the caregiver. So, the bond between mother and the child will be broken for ever. When children of this age group are taken to penal settings, they are unable to understand why they cannot touch their moms though their moms are in front of them (Marcus-Mendoza 2001). Impact of Mother’s Incarceration on Pre-Schoolers Pre-schoolers’ age ranges from three to five years. Children under this age group need the development of skills that are essential for them to get success in their academics and society. Individuality seems to be prominent and such children need to live independent life. Discipline development is essential at this stage and certain routines need to be set at this age. Children under this age group are also not able to understand much about the incarceration of their mother but they can catch the feelings by the notions of people surrounding them (Greene & Hurtado 2000). Children’s limited understanding power does not let them connect crime with imprisonment and thus they simply tend to focus on the results of the incarceration. For example, they start disliking the police just because their mother was taken away. They do not like judges because they are responsible for putting their mothers in jails. Sometimes, such children start disliking their mothers because they think that their mother has done something wrong. They need time to settle their minds again to have the same picture of their mother as they had before; the mother who was used to take good care of them. Children under such circumstances usually consider the criminal justice system quite unjust and they consider them as the victims of the criminal justice system (Hagan 1996). Impact of Mother’s Incarceration on School-Aged Children When children come to an age between 6 to 12 years, they become more aware of them and people. Their thinking abilities are enhanced and concepts about rights and wrongs become clearer to them. Such children begin to establish relations with their caregivers and go away from their mothers. In fact, such children should be able to rationalize that their mother is a good person. This can be done when the image of their mother is portrayed to them in a positive manner. They tend to justify that the acts of their mother were quite fair and the criminal justice system has been unfair to them or they may even complain of a biased behavior. Such behavioral developments in children of this age group are quite alarming as criminal behavior may also be developed in such children (Fejes & Miller 2002). Children of this age group do not share this bitter reality of their life with others. They hide as their weak point. Thus, they are less likely to receive any kind of support from others such as teachers, and care takers. They tend to minimize socialization. Aggressive behavior may also develop in such children and they feel difficulty in putting their efforts in their education resulting in more absences (Feldman et al. 1999). Development of Criminal Behavior in Young Children of Incarcerated Women Children of incarcerated women may develop criminal behavior. Following are some factors that determine the likelihood of criminal behavior. Coping Strategies Children of all ages go through extremely hurtful situations. They begin to implement coping strategies to get out of the awkward situations resulting from their mother’s incarceration. They begin to suffer from anxiety, feelings of shame and anger and financial problems. They begin to deny the reality, show aggressive behavior, blame themselves, get involved in substance and alcohol abuse and find ways to escape from the situation by running away. These strategies may benefit kids on temporary basis but they leave long lasting bad effects. These issues may lead to criminal behavior (Casey-Acevedo 2002). Giving Good Reasons This is another strategy that children of incarcerated mothers use to portray their mothers as very good persons. They do so to hide the reality of their mothers. They deny the fact that their mother had committed a crime and that is why she was sent to prison. They justify their mother’s position by insisting that people saying bad words about their mother are indeed bad themselves. They even begin to justify the crime committed by their mother. They insist that crime may be permissible in certain circumstances such as they justify that stealing is a right act if done to provide clothing and food for family. They consider themselves and their mother as a victim of situations such as poverty that had forced their mother to commit a crime. Criminal justice system seems unfair in their eyes. As a result, anti-social behavior begins to develop in such children (Feldman et al. 1999). Poverty Usually incarcerated mother had been the finance provider for children. Incarceration of mother results in lack of funds. They do not get proper nutrition and basic things that are the rights to get by all children. As children face poverty, they consider stealing as permissible and thus commit crimes to fulfill their needs. They want to get the things that children living with their mothers usually get; proper nutrition, good clothing, education, healthy environment etc. The absence of such facilities fosters the likelihood to commit a crime (Greene & Hurtado 2000). Absence of Adult Guidance When mother is sent to prison, children do not receive any guidance and supervision from an adult any more. Adults know better how to guide young children so that they become a part of a safer environment. The absence of adult supervision make children suffer and struggle in society and school. They stop going to school, face difficulties in their jobs, and get involved in relationships that exploit or abuse them. They may get involved in drug culture and even in the sex trade (Gabel & Shindledecker 1993). Strategies for the Minimization of Harm There is a great need to implement strategies that can minimize the harm posed to the children of incarcerated women. Following are some useful strategies to combat this issue: Mothers Should Not Be Incarcerated There is a need to keep the whole family together and for this purpose the mothers should not be incarcerated. In case they commit a crime, there should be some alternatives in place of incarceration. Community based interventions should be implemented. The threat of imprisonment will lead towards betterment. Conditional sentencing will not require any imprisonment and justice system will accomplish the goals that were expected to be obtained from the incarceration of women. Training should be provided to important professional groups Educators, child protection workers, mental health professionals should be trained in a way to support the children of incarcerated mothers. They should be able to explain the children about the connection of crime to punishment. Children should be taught about rights and wrongs. School attendance should be encouraged. Caregivers should be trained in a way to provide the children of incarcerated mothers the best nurturing environment. The visits of children to their mothers should be supervised and motivated in positive manners. Conclusion Children of incarcerated women are at a greatest risk of being traumatized and get involved in criminal behavior. Their personalities are badly affected due to the absence of their mother in the time of their needs. Caregivers are not providing the required care. Criminality of women can be reduced by using effective strategies. Children of incarcerated women should be given under the supervision of an adult to help them grow in a safer environment. Strategies to cope up with the bitter reality of their mother’s incarceration should be implemented in a positive way. Schools and society should be encouraged to help such children instead of making fun of them or taunting them. Good neighbors can also play good roles. Children should be provided with the basic facilities that are essential for nurturing them. Mothers with offensive background should be provided with the support to get reasonable jobs to fulfill their basic needs. This way the crime rate among women can be minimized. Society should let such women improve their criminal behavior by motivating them to quit their crimes. Such women should be appreciated to do meaningful activities that can help them become mentally healthy. Children should never be taken away from the children due to incarceration.